Strecher VJ, O'Malley MS, Villagra VG, Campbell EE, Gonzalez JJ, Irons TG et al. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 1991 Jan;6:9-17.

Table 6. Efficacy of Advice to Quit by a Clinician

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams R, Trembath C, Herman SC. The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling: A MIRNET study. J Fam Pract 1990 Dec;31:625-9.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: A randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 1990 Jun;300:1707-9.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Table 8. Efficacy of and Estimated Cessation Rates for Interventions Delivered by Various Types of Providers

British Thoracic Society. Smoking cessation in patients: two further studies by the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1990:45:835-840.

Bronson DL, Flynn BS, Solomon LJ, Vacek P, Secker-Walker RH. Smoking cessation counseling during periodic health examinations. Arch Intern Med 1989 Jul;149:1653-6.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Curry SJ, Marlatt GA, Gordon J, Baer JS. A comparison of alternative theoretical approaches to smoking cessation and relapse. Health Psychol 1988;7:545-56.

Davies BL, Matte-Lewis MBL, O'Connor AM, Dulberg CS, Drake ER. Evaluation of the "Time to Quit" self-help smoking cessation program. Can J Public Health 1992 Jan;83:19-23.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav 1989;14:487- 91.

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams R, Trembath C, Herman SC. The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling: A MIRNET study. J Fam Pract 1990 Dec;31:625-9.

Gruder CL, Mermelstein RJ, Kirkendol S, Hedeker D, Wong SC, Schreckengost J et al. Effects of social support and relapse prevention training as adjuncts to a televised smoking-cessation intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:113-20.

Hughes GH, Hymowitz N, Ockene JK, Simon N, Vogt TM. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). V. Intervention on smoking. Prev Med 1981 Jul;10:476-500.

Hymowitz N, Campbell K, Feuerman M. Long-term smoking intervention at the worksite: Effects of quit-smoking groups and an enriched milieu on smoking cessation in adult white-collar employees. Health Psychol 1991;10:366-9.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Kendrick JS, Zahniser SC, Miller N, Salas N, Stine J, Gargiullo PM et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care: Results of the smoking cessation in pregnancy project. Am J Public Health 1995;85:217-222.

Lambe R, Osier C, Franks P. A randomized controlled trial of hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. J Fam Pract 1986 Jan;22:61-5.

Lando HA, Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, McGovern PG. Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82:41-6.

Langford ER, Thompson EG, Tripp SC. Smoking and health education during pregnancy: Evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes. Can J Public Health 1983 Jul;74:285-289.

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia Intl J Psychol Orient 1991;34:177-87.

Mayer JP, Hawkins B, Todd R. A randomized evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women at a WIC clinic. Am J Public Health 1990 Jan;80:76-8.

Mogielnicki RP, Neslin S, Dulac J, Balestra D, Gillie E, Corson J. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. J Behav Med 1986 Apr;9:141-61.

Mothersill KJ, McDowell I, Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:29-36.

Nebot M, Cabezas C. Does nurse counseling or offer of nicotine gum improve the effectiveness of physician smoking- cessation advice? Fam Pract Res J 1992 Sep;12:263-70.

Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC et al. Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Jun;59:439-48.

Ossip-Klein DJ, Giovino GA, Megahed N, Black PM, Emont SL, Stiggins J et al. Effects of a smoker's hotline: Results of a 10- county self-help trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:325-32.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Pederson LL, Wanklin JM, Lefcoe NM. The effects of counseling on smoking cessation among patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Addict 1991 Jan;26:107-19.

Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Shane F, Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behavior modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav 1984;9:157-73.

Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants. Lancet 1974 Mar;:469-73.

Richmond RL, Austin A, Webster IW. Three year evaluation of a programme by general practitioners to help patients to stop smoking. Br Med J 1986 Mar;292:803-6.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Sanders D, Fowler G, Mant D, Fuller A, Jones L, Marzillier J. Randomized controlled trial of anti-smoking advice by nurses in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Jul;39:273-6.

Sawicki PT, Didjurgeit U, Muhlhauser I, Berger M. Behaviour therapy versus doctor's anti-smoking advice in diabetic patients. J Intern Med 1993 Oct;234:407-9.

Sexton M, Hebel JR. A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight. JAMA 1984 Feb;251:911-5.

Shaughnessy AF, Davis RE, Reeder E. Nicotine chewing gum: Effectiveness and the influence of patient education in a family practice. J Fam Pract 1987;25:266-9.

Sivarajan ES, Newton KM, Almes MJ, Kempf TM, Mansfield LW, Bruce RA. The patient after myocardial infarction. Limited effects of outpatient teaching and counseling after myocardial infarction: A controlled study. Heart Lung 1983 Jan;12:65-73.

Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: A randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 1990 Jun;300:1707-9.

Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Vogt TM. A smoking-cessation intervention for hospital patients. Med Care 1993 Jan;31:65-72.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Killen JD, DeBusk RF. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction: Effects of a nurse- managed intervention. Ann Intern Med 1990 Jul;113:118-23.

Vetter NJ, Ford D. Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over: A randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1990 May;19:164-8.

Weissfeld JL, Holloway JL. Treatment for cigarette smoking in a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. Arch Intern Med 1991 May;151:973-7.

Williams JM, Hall DW. Use of single session hypnosis for smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:205-8.

Table 9. Efficacy of and Estimated Cessation Rates for Various Formats

Campbell IA, Hansford M, Prescott RJ. Effect of a "Stop Smoking" booklet on smokers attending for chest radiography: A controlled study. Thorax 1986 May;41:369-71.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav 1989;14:487- 91.

Gillams J, Lewith GT, Machin D. Acupuncture and group therapy in stopping smoking. Practitioner 1984 Mar;228:341-4.

Gritz ER, Berman BA, Bastani R, Wu M. A randomized trial of a self-help smoking cessation intervention in a nonvolunteer female population: Testing the limits of the public health model. Health Psychol 1992;11:280-9.

Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Delcore MG, Lucas BD Jr. Randomized, controlled trial of transdermal clonidine for smoking cessation. Ann Pharmacother 1993 Sep;27:1025-8.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Kendrick JS, Zahniser SC, Miller N, Salas N, Stine J, Gargiullo PM et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care: Results of the smoking cessation in pregnancy project. Am J Public Health 1995;85:217-222.

Lando HA, Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, McGovern PG. Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82:41-6.

Langford ER, Thompson EG, Tripp SC. Smoking and health education during pregnancy: Evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes. Can J Public Health 1983 Jul;74:285-289.

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia Intl J Psychol Orient 1991;34:177-87.

Mogielnicki RP, Neslin S, Dulac J, Balestra D, Gillie E Corson J. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. J Behav Med 1986 Apr;9:141-61.

Mothersill KJ, McDowell I, Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:29-36.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Pallonen UE, Leskinen L, Prochaska JO, Willey CJ, Kaariainen R, Salonen JT. A 2-year self-help smoking cessation manual intervention among middle-aged Finnish men: An application of the transtheoretical model. Prev Med 1994;23:507-14.

Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Shane F, Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behaviour modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav 1984;9:157-73.

Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants. Lancet 1974 Mar;:469-73.